Period Of High Renaissance - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 659 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2019/06/14 Category Art Essay Level High school Tags: Renaissance Essay Did you like this example? Gerard David was born in the town of Oudewater, Netherlands in 1460. Little is known of his early life but he began to make a name for himself once he joined the Guild. After a few years in 1494 he was known as the head painter and a master in his field. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Period Of High Renaissance" essay for you Create order Most of his works contain religious figures and are extremely realistic. Davidrs primary influences were Jan Van Eycks, Rogier van der Weyden, Hugo van der Goes and perhaps also Albert van Oudewater and Hans Memling. (Total History). What made Gerard David stand out as an artist came from his own talent as a colorist. He uses rich and vivid colors in his garments with great detail and blending. He was also an illustrator of manuscripts which was a talent high in demand during his life time. He did not leave a legacy but proved to have mastered the techniques of creating illusion, the human figure, color, oil painting, use of perspective, and space in early and high renaissance throughout his paintings. 4) We find realism in this painting by the setting in which the holy family is at and where Mary takes a rest to feed baby Jesus, simply on a rock. Her fingers and other bodily features are proportionate with each other and Jesus is proportionate in size relative to her as well. The lines in which he draws their bodies are barely seen due to his overlaying of color and addition of mass and volume to their bodies to make the figures look solid. Her clothing stands out from soft colors Gerard uses in the landscape drawing the viewers attention to what is important in the painting; Mary breastfeeding Jesus. She wears a shiny navy-blue garment with a bright red one underneath and he uses chiaroscuro for volume to following the bends and curves of her body. Her coat is a much darker color yet we can still tell the texture is smooth and silky at the touch by the shine David adds. Gerard also uses perspective to show they are long ways from the town and how far she traveled from the exit of the woods to her rest stop. This painting is not representing the family at a specific time, but at two different times by drawing Mary on the donkey holding Jesus and Joseph walking beside as they exit the forest. The figures do not have sharp and defining lines instead he faded them a little to look unfocused, this represents them in the past and the solid more detail figures to be the present. We find some symbolism and foreshadowing with the broad-leaf plantain Gerard chose to place at Maryrs feet and around her. This plant was used medicinally to stop a wound from bleeding, foreshadowing the suffering this mother and child will face. There are two things that stand out as not realistic in this painting and they are the transparent clothing Jesus wears, which matches the veil on Maryrs head, and his posture. He sits up straight looking at the viewer while drinking milk instead of laying down and looking at his mother like a normal baby his age would. This gives me the impression that this baby is much wiser than any other one and that he knows something we dont know, maybe his own destiny. This painting is a narrative of the long travels the holy family made with not much in their possession. The painting is historical because it tells a story of Jesusrs early life. It also tells you Joseph and Maryrs wealth status, they owned a donkey which at that time was a normal means of transportation for those that come from a small town. They had to pack light because of it and meant they left a lot behind to travel to Egypt. This artwork leaves behind the importance religious themes had on the daily lives of people during this time and the artists as well.

Advantages And Disadvantages Of The Gilded Age - 1035 Words

Question 2 From the end of the nineteenth century to the middle of the twentieth century many economic changes occurred, from booms to busts, but all effected minorities less favorably. At the end of the nineteenth century began an era of industrialization that created an economic upturn called the gilded age. Hallmarks of this age were technological advances, banking innovations, and wealth concentrations. Railroad construction, advances in steel production, and electrical innovation drove industrial and economic growth. Emerging from this upheaval were a gaggle of industrial big wigs: John D. Rockefeller, J.P. Morgan, and Andrew Carnegie. These three represented an unholy alliance with government and big business that left smaller†¦show more content†¦Ford Motor company not only revolutionized production with the assembly line, but also paid its workers well enough that they could afford to buy its cars too. This boom in car ownership encouraged other industries to grow as well, sectors such as road and bridge construction, glass and leather manufacturing, and naturally, oil production expanded also. Advertising built brand identification and created a consumer culture that equated patriotism, and piety with consumerism. For the first time, companies like Coca Cola, and General Electric sold hope and lifestyle, encouraging the creation of a consumer culture. Unfortunately this roaring twenties boom economy lead many to lean too heavily on credit, leading to an inevitable down cycle called the Great Depression. Structural defects in the US economy, such as banking sector instability, wage stagnation, agricultural overproduction, and over reliance on credit, were the main causes of the Great Depression. Newly elected Herbert Hoover and his administration floundered as unemployment and hunger raged out of control. So many lost their homes that card board shanties called Hoovervilles sprung up in all major cities. American s disillusionment with governmental ineffectiveness during Hoover s administration allowed the Democratic Party to elect the first democratic president since Woodrow Wilson(1921). Franklin Delano Roosevelt(FDR) swept into power ready toShow MoreRelatedInventions In The Gilded Age1140 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction Immigration and African American Rights, I think these are the main events that happen during the Gilded Age. The Gilded Age was an eventful time, had lots of things going on from left and right of us. Mark Twain called the 19th century the Gilded Age, by this he meant that the period was glittering on the surface, but corrupt underneath. There were only two different classes, either you were rich or poor. 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We need to stop giving holdouts the power to prevent convictions and I feel that all jurors should not have to

Factors that Affect Selection of Manufacturing Process Design at Apple Inc. Free Essays

string(157) " been deeply embedded in the company’s organizational culture, and employees are aware of the need to pay attention to details \(West Mace, 2010\)\." Introduction Process design is defined as the alignment of processes to satisfy customer needs while at the same time meeting the set objectives of the organization (Becker et al., 2003). All businesses, regardless of whether they are service based or product based, have the obligation of delivering quality products and services to customers (Matsa, 2011). We will write a custom essay sample on Factors that Affect Selection of Manufacturing Process Design at Apple Inc. or any similar topic only for you Order Now There are different process designs that can be adopted in organizations, which include serial and parallel processes. The serial approach of involves the alignment of activities to take place one after the other in a defined sequence. Whereas this approach is known to be simple and easy to understand, one disadvantage associated with it is that processes take a longer time to accomplish and thus, reduces capacity (Iravani et al., 2005). Parallel processes, on the other hand, involve the execution of two or more processes in a simultaneous manner. This approach can lead to a reduction in the flow time or an increase in capacity. However, this depends on whether the parallel operations are set to carry out unlike or like operations (Mascitelli, 2004). Selection of the most ideal service or manufacturing process design for a company depends on several factors. This explains the differences that may exist in the way companies within the same industry may design their processes differently. According to Swift and Booker (2003), selection of the ideal process depends on the nature of the marketplace, the business, and the product itself. With reference to Apple Inc, this paper aims at providing a critical discussion of the key factors that influence the selection of a service or manufacturing process design. It also seeks to discuss ways in which project management principles aid operations managers in introduction of changes to operation processes or systems. A. Factors that govern selection of manufacturing processes design Cost The key objective of any business is to maximize their profits while offering quality to customers. Therefore, one of the strategies that can be used in achievement of this objective is ensuring that the processes being undertaken are as cost effective as possible (Swift Booker, 2003). At Apple, its main products are iPhones, iPads and MacBook computers (Apple Inc., 2014). Whereas its products are known for being slightly more expensive than those manufactured by other brands, the company also increases through cutting costs of production. Pries and Quigley (2013) define process costs as the investments that are required to be incurred in the course of the manufacturing process. These comprise of the expenditures incurred in purchase of equipment, labour and raw materials, and capital costs. There are different approaches that can be used in management of costs incurred in processes (Huang et al., 2005). For Apple, costs are cut by outsourcing components and labour. In the overall e lectronics and technology industry, most of the components are obtained from Asian manufacturing industries, which are known to be both cheaper and more versatile than those from other parts of the world (Roy et al., 2012). In addition to the fact that outsourcing helps in reducing manufacturing costs, outsourcing of activities that are non-core also enables companies to focus more on their core activities like designing of new products (Polychronakis Syntetos, 2007). It also helps companies to share their risks. Components used to build Apple products are obtained from over 150 companies that are spread all over the world. With reference to an estimate made by Milian (2012), the costs that were incurred in the production of the iPhone 4s were at $196. Given that a unit of the iPhone 4s at the time of its production was at $649, the cost reduction strategy meant that the gross profit that was obtained from a single unit was $453 (Milian, 2012). This explains why amidst the stiff competition in the electronics and computer industry, Apple Inc has managed to maintain high profit levels. It had an annual profit of $41.7 billion in 2012, making it the second most profitable company after Exxon Mobil (The Huffing Post, 2013). Apple also further reduces the costs it incurs in manufacture of its products by ensuring that they create partnerships with many companies to encourage competition and as a result, it gets favourable deals (Milian, 2012). Even with the high success that has been achieved by the cost reduction strategy at Apple, the company has faced several criticisms. For instance, one of the companies in China that takes part in the assembly of the company’s products, Foxconn, has a bad reputation for mistreatment of its employees (Chamberlain, 2011). Quality Operation managers have the role of ensuring that the goods or services that are offered to clients are of optimum quality (Mukherjee, 2006). Apart from reducing costs to maximize profits, companies also select their manufacturing process designs based on the quality of their outcome. Manufacturing processes that do not produce products in the state that was intended by designers or fail to cater for the need of customers in the market ought to be avoided, regardless of how cost-effective they may be (David Bamford, 2010). At apple, the high levels of quality have enabled it perform well in the industry with a large number of customers often ready to purchase new products that they manufacture (West Mace, 2010). Even though it can be argued that quality control processes ensure that any quality issues can be solved before products are delivered to clients, it is more productive if the original manufacturing process is flawless (Creese, 2013). To ensure that quality is maintained or improved, the staff members at Apple are often encouraged to be creative and innovative so as to come up with ideas of improving quality. Another approach that ensures quality of processes at apple is through carrying out constant reviews of products. According to Lashinsky (2011), Apple has a program that involves carrying out a review of products every Monday. This enables the company to make the necessary improvements or corrections in case an issue is identified. The issue of quality at Apple has been deeply embedded in the company’s organizational culture, and employees are aware of the need to pay attention to details (West Mace, 2010). You read "Factors that Affect Selection of Manufacturing Process Design at Apple Inc." in category "Essay examples" The keen attention that is paid to product and process details at Apple has been among the key factors that have led to the consistency in the company’s market performance. By incurring an extra cost to ensure the manufacturing process is of the required quality, companies are able to satisfy their customers and build string brands in their respective industries of operation (Talib et al., 2011). Flexibility The dynamism that characterized the present-day business environment also means that organizational operations should be as flexible as possible so as to maintain their relevance (Merschmann Thonemann, 2011). Flexibility is the ease at which manufacturing processes can change certain aspects or qualities of products. These range from the shape, materials used to manufacture the product or the finish (Creese, 2013). Lack of flexibility in manufacturing processes may make it difficult for companies to satisfy the ever-changing needs in the market. It may also make quite expensive to replace the existent processes with newer ones (Chou et al., 2010). The need for flexibility is more intense in the computer industry because is one of the most flexible industries. With reference to Moore’s law, capabilities of many electronic devices in the market often change at least once in two years. As technological advancements increase, this pace is bound to increase (Mollick, 2006). Apple is also well known for manufacturing upgraded versions of previous products approximately on a yearly basis. For instance, between 2007 June and 2013 September, a total of eight versions of the iPhone have been manufactured by Apple (Bergmann, 2013). The improvements that are made in the Apple’s products incorporate the innovative ideas of designers as well as the feedback the company obtains from clients. The need for flexibility in the manufacturing designs also helps companies to stay ahead of the competition on their industries of operation. Apple faces competition from many companies that also frequently upgrade their product to match the market needs (Carbaugh, 2013). Other Factors Environmental Sustainability Apart from the three aforementioned factors affecting selection of the manufacturing process design, there are numerous other factors that operations managers put into consideration. One of these is the potential impact that the process may have on the environment (Vezzoli Manzini, 2008). With the current focus that the international business community on environmental sustainability, companies ought to ensure that they select processes that have the least adverse impact on the environment (Geels, 2011). In an effort to lessen its carbon footprint, one of the strategies that Apple has used is utilization of renewable energy in the company’s operations. These include solar, geothermal, hydro and wind energy (Apple Inc., 2014). However, the company has been under criticism for ignoring the adverse environmental impacts that the company’s operations in China are causing. Quantity of products The quantity of products that the company produces for customers also determines the choice of the appropriate manufacturing process. In a situation where companies manufacture single products to fit the specifications of clients, a one-off approach may be appropriate (Jones Robinson, 2012). On the other hand, if the company deals in the manufacture of products in large quantities, the mass production approach is preferable (Jones Robinson, 2012). Since Apple manufactures products to satisfy millions of customers worldwide, the manufacturing approach that it utilizes is mass production. By September 2013 alone, Apple sold approximately 33.8 million iPhones, 4.6 million Macs and 14.1 million iPads (Apple Inc, 2013). External Regulations Standards and regulations, usually set by different governing bodies also affect the selection of the manufacturing approach. Some of the aspects that that are focused include environmental impacts and specific quality standards that ought to be delivered to customers (Jones Robinson, 2012). For instance, electronics manufacturing companies are supposed to adhere to the set standards in terms of the air emissions, solid and hazardous wastes and effluents (Multilateral Investment Guarantees Agency, 2010). These regulations are also applicable to Apple. Regardless of how cost effective and flexible a manufacturing process can be, companies have the obligation of adhering to the set standards to avoid getting into legal issues (Bamford Forrester, 2010). The factors that have been highlighted above are relevant to all companies that deal in the manufacture of products for their customers. Whereas it is impossible to optimize all the mentioned aspects of manufacturing processes, companies ought to make a comprehensive evaluation of their manufacturing processes to ensure that they deliver quality to their clients and also meet their goals and objectives. Even though Apple has had a few challenges and controversies in its product manufacturing processes, it has managed to maintain its strong position in the electronics industry. This is partly attributed to the effective selection of manufacturing process designs. B. How the main principles of project management help operation managers to introduce change Principles of Project Management Change is an inevitable issue in organizational operations, systems and processes. Therefore, effective project management always puts this into consideration to ensure a smooth transformation from one state of the organization to the other (Boje et al., 2012). Some of the principles of project management include understanding the stages that projects go through from the beginning to the end, possessing good management (controlling), leadership and communication skills and working in the interest of all company stakeholders (David Bamford, 2010). These principles play a very vital role in situations where changes are to be implemented in certain processes or systems within the organization. Possessing management skills makes project managers capable at effectively implementing the change process (Berkun, 2008). It is important to understand that implementation of change can be more successful if the employees and other organizational stakeholders are involved throughout the process. Failure to effectively communicate to them about the changes to be made may bring about resistance to the process (Vida, 2012). In addition to this, employees may also find it difficult to adjust to the implemented changes. There are several models of change management that have been previously suggested by researchers. These include the eight-step model of change suggested by Kotter (2007). Henry (2012) also points out several principles of project management, which can also help operations managers in introducing change in systems or processes in the organization. One of these is commitment. For projects involving change to be effectively implemented, managers are supposed to lead by example in showing their unlimited commitment and employees will follow. The other is referred to as the tetrad trade off principle, which is based on the principle that for a project to be implemented successfully, the scope, cost, time and quality have to be in equilibrium and attainable (Sarah Dixon, 2013). There is also the strategy principle, which defines the planning and implementation procedure. This principle is based on the fact that for a project to begin and end successfully, there are certain procedural activities that ought to be undertaken. Effective incorporation of these principles by operations managers can help in ensuring that changing processes or systems in the organ ization is undertaken smoothly (Hongjun Yajia, 2012). Introducing Change in Processes/Systems To effectively introduce change in company systems or processes, it is necessary to have a comprehensive plan (Kotter, 2007). This typically involves determining the type of change that will be effective for the company and notifying employees and stakeholders on the imminent change process. Another measure involves building awareness among employees and other stakeholders and building the capacity that will be needed in the process (Jones Robinson, 2012). Some of the measures that can be undertaken in this stage of preparation include making an announcement of the intended change and when it is expected to take place. It also involves recruitment of some employees that will take up some of the tasks that are involved in the change process (Kotter, 2007). In cases where training is required before the change process is implemented, the recruited employees should be provided with the adequate training. According to Vida (2012), communication skills are quite instrumental in the chang e process. Project managers need to create an avenue through which employees can give feedback, and eliminate the bureaucratic barriers that may exist to hamper the ease flow of communication within the organization (Henry, 2012). Conclusion As companies compete to strengthen their brand positions and increase their market shares, there are several underlying strategies that they use. One of these is the selection of the most ideal manufacturing or service process design that will ensure customer satisfaction is achieved while at the same time contribute to the achievement of organizational goals and objectives. This paper has provided an in-depth and critical discussion of some of the factors that affect selection of the manufacturing processes, with a reference to Apple Inc, one of the leading companies in the electronics industry. Some of the key factors that have been discussed include costs, quality and flexibility of the process. As presented in the paper, Apple Inc has managed to maintain a strong brand position partly because of the effective selection of manufacturing processes. The paper has also highlighted the ways in which the principles of project management can help operations managers to introduce change in organizations. Future research on this subject could address the challenges that project mangers undergo in selecting the ideal manufacturing or service process design. References Apple Inc, 2013. Apple Reports Fourth Quarter Results. [Online] Available at: http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2013/10/28Apple-Reports-Fourth-Quarter-Results.html?sr=hotnews.rss [Accessed 8 January 2014]. Apple Inc., 2014. Apple and the Environment. [Online] Available at: http://www.apple.com/environment/renewable-energy/ [Accessed 8 January 2014]. Becker, J., Kugeler, M. Rosemann, M., 2003. Process management: a guide for the design of business processes: with 83 figures and 34 tables. Munich: Springer Verlag. Bergmann, A., 2013. iPhone Evolution. CNN Money, 12 Novemner. Berkun, S., 2008. Making Things Happen: Mastering Project Management. California: O’Reilly. Boje, D., Burnes, B?. Hassard, J?., 2012. The Routledge Companion to Organizational Change. New York: Routledge. Carbaugh, R.J., 2013. Contemporary Economics: An Applications Approach. Edmonds: M.E. Sharpe. Chamberlain, G., 2011. Apple’s Chinese workers treated ‘inhumanely, like machines’. The Guardian, 30 April. Chou, M.C., Chua, G.A., Teo, C.-P. Zheng, H., 2010. Design for Process Flexibility: Ef?ciency of the Long Chain and Sparse Structure. Operations Research, 58(1), pp.43-58. Creese, R., 2013. Introduction to Manufacturing Processes and Materials. New Jersey: CRC Press. Bamford, ?D. Forrester, P., 2010. Essential Guide to Operations Management: Concepts and Case Notes. New Jersey: John Wiley Sons. Geels, F.W., 2011. The multi-level perspective on sustainability transitions: Responses to seven criticisms. Environmental Innovation and Societal Transitions, 1, pp.24-40. Henry, A., 2012. Understanding Strategic Management. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Hongjun, L. Yajia, G., 2012. Study on Chain Companies Human Resources Management. Information and Business Intelligence, 267, pp.227-32. Huang, G.Q., Zhang, X.Y. Liang, L., 2005. Towards integrated optimal configuration of platform products, manufacturing processes, and supply chains. Journal of Operations Management, 23(3), pp.267-90. Iravani, S.M., Van Oyen, M.P. Sims, K.T., 2005. Structural flexibility: A new perspective on the design of manufacturing and service operations. Management Science, 51(2), pp.151-66. Jones, P. Robinson, ?P., 2012. Operations Management. Oxford : Oxford University Press. Kotter, J.P., 2007. Leading Change: Why Transformation Efforts Fail. Harvard Business Review, pp.1-10. Lashinsky, A., 2011. How Apple works: Inside the world’s biggest startup. [Online] Available at: http://tech.fortune.cnn.com/2011/08/25/how-apple-works-inside-the-worlds-biggest-startup/ [Accessed 9 January 2014]. Mascitelli, R., 2004. The Lean Design Guidebook. Northridge: Technology Perspectives. Matsa, A., 2011. Competition and Product Quality in the Supermarket Industry. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 126(3), pp.1539-91. Merschmann, U. Thonemann, U.W., 2011. Supply chain flexibility, uncertainty and firm performance: an empirical analysis of German manufacturing firms. International Journal of Production Economics, 130(1), pp.43-53. Milian, M., 2012. How Apple cuts costs in building its gadgets. CNN, 7 February. Mollick, E., 2006. Establishing Moore’s law. Annals of the History of Computing. IEEE, 28(3), pp.62-75. Mukherjee, P., 2006. Total Quality Management. New Jersey: Prentice Hall. Multilateral Investment Guarantees Agency, 2010. Environmental Guidelines for Electronics Manufacturing. [Online] Available at: http://www.miga.org/documents/ElectronicsManufacturing.pdf [Accessed 9 January 2014]. Polychronakis, Y.E. Syntetos, A.A., 2007. ‘Soft’ supplier management related issues: An empirical investigation. International Journal of Production Economics, 106, pp.431-49. Pries, K.H. Quigley, ?J.M., 2013. Reducing Process Costs with Lean, Six Sigma, and Value Engineering Techniques. New Jersey: CRC Press. Roy, K.C., Blomqvist, ?H.-C. Clark, ?., 2012. Economic Development in China, India and East Asia: Managing Change in the Twenty First Century. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing. Sarah, E. Dixon, A., 2013. Failure, Survival or Success in a Turbulent Environment: the dynamic capabilities lifecycle. Chartered Management Institute, 4(3), pp.13-19. Swift, K.G. Booker, ?J.D., 2003. Process Selection: from design to manufacture. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann. Talib, F., Rahman, Z. Qureshi, M., 2011. A study of total quality management and supply chain management practices. International Journal of Productivity and Performance Management, 60(3), pp.268-88. The Huffing Post, 2013. Fortune Global 500: Top 10 Most Profitable Companies in The World. Huff Post, 7 August. Vezzoli, C.A. Manzini, E., 2008. Design for Environmental Sustainability. Milan: Springer. Vida, K., 2012. The Project Management Handbook: A Guide to Capital Improvements. New York: Rowman Littlefield. West, J. Mace, M., 2010. Browsing as the killer app: Explaining the rapid success of Apple’s iPhone. Telecommunications Policy, 34(5), pp.270-86. How to cite Factors that Affect Selection of Manufacturing Process Design at Apple Inc., Essay examples

Slavery In US (3396 words) Essay Example For Students

Slavery In US (3396 words) Essay Slavery In USThe Slaves And The Slaveowners Views Of Slavery That face ofhis, the hungry cannibals Would not have touched, would not have stained withblood; But you are more inhuman, more inexorable, Oh! ten times more thantigers of Hyrcania. Shakespeare I chose the topic about slavery for myresearch paper because I thought it would be an interesting experience doingresearch about slavery. It is American history and the more we know about it,the better we can understand what is going on today in our country. I think thatbecause slavery was abolished very recently in terms of historical periods oftime, it still has an impact on todays economic and political life. Searchingfor the writings by slave owners was a more difficult task then searching forthe writings by slaves. However, I found a lot of useful material in varioussources. The slavery in the United States is no doubt a shameful history of ourcountry. White people transferred the slaves living in Africa to the New Landand treat ed them as their property, not as human beings. The living and workingconditions of slaves and their food were extremely poor. Those were inhumanconditions in which the slaves had to survive. Endless executions of the slavesmade the situation even worse. Slavery was a period of time when one racetreated the other race as animals, things, property, but not as people. Unfortunately, not everyone saw the situation as it was in reality at that time. As we can see from many different sources available today, the points of view ofslaves and slave owners on slavery were the opposite to each other. That can beseen in various slaves and slave owners descriptions of slavery. Slavesdescribed their dwellings, food, clothes, labor, and the terrible treatment ofslaves by their masters. On the other hand, slave owners described therelationships between slaves and their masters in a very positive way. Theyargued that slavery is very beneficial for the slaves and the slaves are veryhappy to live with their masters. Let us now consider both these points of viewsin details. First of all, let us look at the slaves description of the cloththey wore. The clothes supply was as minimum as possible and the quality of theclothes was very bad. Here is how one of the slaves describes it. Our dresswas of tow cloth; for the children nothing but a shirt; for the older ones apair of pantaloons or a gown in addition, according to the sex. In winter, around jacket or overcoat, a wool hat once in two or three years, for the males,and a pair of coarse shoes once a year(Lester 65). This scanty list of itemswas the only things available to the slaves. Certainly, it was not enough forthe people who worked very hard for more than ten hours a day. The clothes werevery dirty and with holes all over the place pretty soon. Imagine if you have towear the same shirt day after day for the long time. The masters did not careabout slaves children; they did not distribute much clothes for them either. According to the slaves, it was their problem what to put on their children whenit was cold outside (Feldstein 45). However, some slaves say there were somemasters who gave some extra material for the children, but it was not sufficientany way. Others gave any additional clothes only for extra work (Feldstein 45). As for the slave owners seeing the slaves situation, one of theslaveholders reveals that he used to distribute new clothes once a year (Feldstein45). This testimony by the slave owner actually testifies the slavesdescriptions of the slavery that makes us believe to the slaves even more. However, there were a lot of slave owners who saw the situation quitedifferently. One anonymous slave owner in his letter to Lord Brougham arguesthat as a slave, he would have at least the protection ofone master interested in his welfare; as a freeman, almost beyond the pale ofgovernment protection, with no one to take care of him, of a despised andinferior race, a stranger in a land of strangers, how miserable would be hisfate!(Williams 41) That is what this person really believes, and he was notalone. The slave owners really believed that slavery was very beneficial for theslaves, and they clothed their slaves well. According to the slaves, theirdwellings were unimaginably poor huts that were not suited for living at all. Let us look at some descriptions of their huts to realize how terrible theconditions of the slaves were. One of the slaves remembers that the hut usuallywas one-room log cabin without a partition and a total furnishing weregenerally a bed, a bench and a few cooking utilities(Feldstein 42). Anotherformer slave tells us that they erected with posts and crotches,with but little or no frame-work about them. They no stoves or chimneys;some of them something like a fireplace at the end(Moulton 19). Itis obvious that these cabins with no furniture inside did not seem likepeoples homes. The slaves lived almost outside. Some of the emancipatedslaves remember that they used to sleep on a miserable bed, children on the floor(Lester 62-63). One of the former slaves remembers hisexperience of living in such a cabin as very uncomfortable. The cabin constructed without floor or window. The latter is altogether unnecessary;the crevices between the logs admit sufficient light. In stormy weather th erain through them(Lester 63-64). As for the furniture of thecabins, another former slave remembers that he used to sleep on a plank twelveinches wide and ten feet long. As a pillow he used a stick of wood. He had onlyone blanket and nothing else to make himself warmer (Lester 63). Except cold,rain, and wind, many slaves suffered from a great amount of mosquitoes. Someslaves remember that they kept a smoke from their fireplaces all night to securethemselves from all the insects (Moulton 19). Sleeping on the planks, beingcold, wet during the rains, and in the smoke; that was the way slaves lived intheir huts. These conditions of living made slaves lives very difficult andcaring for children almost impossible. Let us now see how slave owners saw theslaves conditions of living. Here is what a slaveholder tells in one of hisletter. The condition of the slaves of the United States is far in advanceof that of any similar number of laborers following similar occupations, in anyother land under the sun(Williams 32). Obviously, from what we have heardfrom the slaves we can claim that this statement is not very accurate. Theslaves did not have very good houses as this person implies. But one thingpuzzled me when I read it. What makes the author of this letter be so confidentin his words? Where is his proof? It is very hard to believe that practicallywith nowhere to live, nothing to wear or eat, the condition of the slaves was sogood as the person argues. Many slaves say that the food they ate at theplantations was extremely bad and insufficient. One of the former slavesremembers that they had only two meals a day. The first time they ate was attwelve oclock, which was the middle of their working day, and the second time late at night when the work for the day was done (Lester 64-65). Certainly,the slaves were hungry all the time. Considering how much they had to work,there is no wonder why many of them had faints caused by their hunger. Accordingto a slave the meal its elf usually consisted of cornmeal and salt herrings,to which was added in summer a little buttermilk and the few vegetableswhich each might raise for himself and his family on the little piece ofground(Lester 64). A former slave remembers that the very typical thingfor a plantation was that children younger than eight years old did not receiveany food at all. They could eat only what their parents left over from theirmeals (Feldstein 44). Certainly, many female slaves did not eat already veryscanty food to feed their children. The same person remembers that returninghome late at night women mixed cornmeal with a little water, and backed it onthe fire (Feldstein 43). That was the only time when children could eat duringthe day. With so scarce food as the slaves had, it was almost impossible tosurvive. Charles Ball, a former slave, wrote that there were a lot ofraids on the smokehouse (Feldstein 43). That was the only way slavescould get some extra food to feed themselves and their ch ildren. However,Charles Ball added that if a slave were caught stealing, his punishmentwould be severe(Feldstein 43). A former slave remembers that he used tosteal some food from his master to survive. He says that if a turkey was stolenby the slaves, they tried to implicate an imaginary fox. When they stolepotatoes, they tried to implicate the hogs (Feldstein 45). As we can see theconditions of the slaves were inhuman. They had to have a lot of endurance tosurvive in their situation. The slave owners viewing of how they fed theirslaves differs form all the descriptions made above by the slaves themselves. Hiv Aids Essay ConclusionThe writing by Colonel Bingham, whom we have already seen, reveals a differentperception of the relations between slaves and their masters. He denies a badtreatment of the slaves by their masters at all. He says that in thehistory of the whole world there never were as kindly relations existing betweentwo races on the same soil as between the slave owner and the slave in the Southbefore the Civil War(Bingham 248). As a proof of his words he says that healways loved black people. He gives an example of how much he loved a blackwoman who helped his parents to raise him. He says that he loved her nextto parents(Bingham 248). But how about other black people whom heexploited and punished pretty regularly? Did he love them, also? Definitely itis very week argument, but it reveals slave owners seeing of the relationshipbetween a slave and his master. We can see how distorted it was. We have seenwritings and memories of both former slaves and slave owners. We fou nd out thatthe slaves and slaveholders saw the slavery in absolutely different ways. Ipersonally believe the slaves accounts that described every detail inconstructing the reality of slavery. The slaveholders, however, talked ingeneral without a single example from their experiences as slave owners. Also,very often, it is hard to believe what they say in their essays. But why thesepeople could be so evil? I think the best answer for the question can be foundin Inside View Of Slavery by C. G. Parsons who was a visitor from the North atthe time of slavery. He wrote that the system of slavery influences theslaveholder, and its tendency to harden the heart, to dry up all thefountains of human sympathy, to make one callous to the wrongs and the woes ofthese around him, is stamped upon the very surface of society throughout theSouth(Parsons 203). Probably that is the answer to the question why the slaveowners point of view is so different from the slaves. Probably, it is truethat the syst em of slavery affected them in such a way that they were not ableto comprehend the reality of their evil. After writing this paper I realizedthat I did not really know that much about the history of the living conditionsof slaves. I certainly knew many historical facts about slavery, but I did notknow much about the conditions of the slaves, their food, dwellings, etc. Theexperience of writing this paper was quite useful for me in understanding thesalves life and in trying to understand different points of views on slavery. It was very interesting to think why salves and slave owners writings areso different. As a whole, thinking about the topic itself gave me an opportunityto study the very interesting period in our history. I am glad that I wrote thispaper and I am satisfied with my paper as a result of my research. Works CitedAlbers, Harry S., ed. Testimony Of The Canadian Fugitives. http://history.cc.ukans.edu/carrie/docs/usdocs.txt/canadian_slaves.html (24 Nov. 1996). Bingham, Colonel R. An Ex-slaveholders ViewOf The Negro Question In The South. Asheville: European Edition Of HarpersMonthly Magazine, 1900. 243-256. Blanchard Rev. J. and N. L. Rice. A Debate OnSlavery: Held In The City Of Cincinnati, Of October, 1845. Detroit: NegroHistory Press, 1846. 34-60. Feldstein, Stanley. Once A Slave. New York: WilliamMorrow and Company, Inc., 1971. 39-87. Lester, Julius. To Be A Slave. New York:Scholastic Inc., 1968. 28-76. Moulton, Horace. American Slavery As It Is:Testimony Of A Thousand Witnesses. New Yo rk: Arno Press and The New York Times,1968. 17-45. Parsons, C. G. Inside View Of Slavery: Or A Tour Among ThePlanters. Boston: John P. Jewett And Company, 1855. 203-231. Williams, James. Letters On Slavery From The Old World. New York: Negro Universities Press, 1969. 30-43. BibliographyAlbers, Harry S., ed. Testimony Of The Canadian Fugitives. http://history.cc.ukans.edu/carrie/docs/usdocs.txt/canadian_slaves.html (24 Nov. 1996). Bingham, Colonel R. An Ex-slaveholders ViewOf The Negro Question In The South. Asheville: European Edition Of HarpersMonthly Magazine, 1900. 243-256. Blanchard Rev. J. and N. L. Rice. A Debate OnSlavery: Held In The City Of Cincinnati, Of October, 1845. Detroit: NegroHistory Press, 1846. 34-60. Feldstein, Stanley. Once A Slave. New York: WilliamMorrow and Company, Inc., 1971. 39-87. Lester, Julius. To Be A Slave. New York:Scholastic Inc., 1968. 28-76. Moulton, Horace. American Slavery As It Is:Testimony Of A Thousand Witnesses. New York: Arno Press and The New York Times,1968. 17-45. Parsons, C. G. Inside View Of Slavery: Or A Tour Among ThePlanters. Boston: John P. Jewett And Company, 1855. 203-231. Williams, James. Letters On Slavery From The Old World. New York: Negro Universities Press, 1969. 30-43

Why are our brains so big an Example by

Why are our brains so big? Introduction It is true that humans have a darn big brain in relation to the body weight. The human brain is larger than any other primate which walked this planet. In comparison to the earliest human relatives, we have twice the brain size. Most of the neuroscientists such as Stephen Cunnane have implied that the diet of humans is primarily responsible for the size of brain. Since the evolutionary days of human beings, they have consumed food that was rich in iron, iodine and other minerals that help develop brain. This caused the process of brain expansion of human beings to be initiated. There are more pros of a larger brain size than the cons. Need essay sample on "Why are our brains so big?" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed Advantages of Large Human Brain Being the most complex organ of the body, the large human brain does not only provide us with a balance while walking, swimming, driving and running, but also plays other roles. The primary role of the human brain is to house the neurons their communication in the neural network. As many as 15 million neurons interact with each other and exchange information in the form of electrical signals (The Franklin Institute Online). Other scientists have also argued that larger brain size allows better control of the body, limbs and makes the senses work better. Larger brain size has also allows the humans to make the decision between right and wrong. Other animals with smaller brain sizes depend upon instincts to make their decisions, whereas, the human brain conducts a cost-benefit analysis of the situation and then decides how to react. The other big advantage of large brain size is the gift of consciousness. Although the word consciousness has many different meanings and there are many controversies about consciousness, but science has proved that only living beings possess the attribute of consciousness. And the bigger the brain size is, the larger the neural network is and hence the consciousness is also highly developed. Another proposed advantage of a brain larger in size is that the species with larger brain sizes can live longer lives and can reproduce more number of times. The human brain size is large and hence the brain allows humans to live longer lives and produce more number of times (E Science News). Disadvantages of a Bigger Brain A large brain size involves the cost of higher energy consumption which in turn increases the level of metabolism in the human body. Higher energy requirements also involve greater requirement of food intakes because of which the humans have to eat frequently throughout the day to keep energetic. When a human child is born, the body consists of 14% fat. A human child is the healthiest amongst all the primates newborns. According to a theory, the fat of the body is used in the development of the brain. The disadvantage here is that the development and training of the brain in human child takes a lot of time. Another obvious disadvantage of a large sized brain is that it is not easy to protect it from damage as egg-headedness makes our brain delicate and susceptible to injuries. It is difficult to avoid injuries as the size is bigger and the probability of hitting it to another object is also higher. Conclusion Brain is the most important part of the human body and is the only organ that makes us unique and distinct from other animals and primates. The large brain size is responsible for our long lives and our consciousness but it is more difficult to protect the brain from damage as the chances of hitting external objects is higher. Works Cited E Science News. The protective brain hypothesis is confirmed. The Franklin Institute Online. The Human Brain.

An Example Of Narrative Animation Essays

An Example Of Narrative Animation Essays An Example Of Narrative Animation Essay An Example Of Narrative Animation Essay An Example of Narrative Animation: Duck Muck During the golden age of Hollywood short cartoons, from the 1 sass to the sass, Disney and Warner Pros. Were rivals. Disney animators had far greater resources at their disposal, and their animation was more elaborate and detailed than the simpler style of the Warner product. Warner cartoonists, despite their limited budgets, fought back by exploiting the comic fantasy possible in animated films and playing with the medium in imaginative ways. In Warner Pros. Cartoons, characters often spoke to the audience or referred to the animators and studio executives. For example, the Warner units producer Leon Schlesinger appeared in You Ought to Be in Pictures, letting Porky Pig out of his contract so that he could try to move up to live-action features. The tone of the Warner cartoons distinguished them sharply from the Disney product. The action was faster and more violent. The main characters, such as Bugs Bunny and Daffy Duck, were wisecracking cynics rather than Innocent altruists like Mackey Mouse. The Warner animators tried many experiments over the years, but perhaps none was so extreme a s Duck Muck, directed by Charles M. (Chuck)Jones in 1953. It is now recognized as one of the masterpieces of American animation. Although it was made within the Hollywood system and uses narrative form, it has an experimental feel because it asks the audience to take part in an exploration of techniques of cell animation. As the film begins, it seems to be a swashbuckler of the sort Dad Duck had appeared in before, such as The Scarlet Pumpernickel (1950)?latest a parody of one of Errol Flans most famous Warner Pros. Films. The credits are written on a scroll fastened to a wooden door with a dagger, and when Daffy Is first seen, he appears to be a lulling musketeer. But almost immediately he moves to the left and passes the edge of the painted background (10. 102). Daffy is baffled, calls for scenery, and exits. A giant animated brush appears from outside the frame and paints in a barnyard (10. 103). When Daffy enters, still in musketeer costume, he is annoyed but changes into a farmers outfit. Such quick switches continue throughout the film, with the paintbrush and a pencil eraser adding and removing scenery, costumes, props, and even Daffy himself, with dizzying illogic. At times the sound cuts out, or the film mess to slip in the projector, so that we see the frame line in the middle of the screen (10. 104). All these tricks result In a peculiar narrative. Daffy repeatedly tries to get plot, any plot, going, and the unseen animator constantly thwarts him. As a result, the films principles of narrative progression are unusual. First, It gradually becomes apparent to us that the film is exploring various conventions and techniques of animation: palate Docudramas, sound erects, Trading, music, Ana so on. Second, ten outrages perpetrated against Daffy become more extreme, and his frustration mounts steadily. Third, a mystery quickly surfaces, as we and Daffy wonder who this perverse animator is and why he is tormenting Daffy. At the end, the mystery is solved when the animator blasts Daffy with a bomb and then closes a door in his face (10. 105). The next shot moves us to the animation desk itself, where we see Bugs Bunny, who has been the animator play ing all the tricks on Daffy. He grins at us: Anti I a stinker? (10. 106). To a spectator who has never seen a Warner Pros. Cartoon before, this ending would be puzzling. The narrative logic of Duck Muck depends largely on knowing the character traits of the two stars. Bugs and Daffy often costarred in other Jones cartoons, and invariably the calm, ruthless Bugs would get the better of the manic Daffy. Duck Mucks use of animation techniques is Just as unconventional as its narrative form. Because the action moves so quickly, we might fail on first viewing to note that aside from the credits title and the familiar Thats All, Folks! Logo, the film contains only four separate shots?three of which come in quick succession at the end. The bulk of the cartoon consists of a single lengthy and continuous shot?animations equivalent of a long take. Yet the settings and situations change quickly as the paintbrush and pencil transform the image and Daffy moves in and out of the frame. Often he appears against a stark white background (10. 107). Such moments emphasize t he fact that in cell animation, the figures and background are layers that could easily be photographed separately. In Duck Muck, the only certain space is that of the frame itself?a quality quite different from the clearly established locales provided in more conventional cartoons. Similarly, the temporal flow becomes warped as Daffy moves into and out of dietetic tuitions, launching into one possible plotting only to find it cut short by the mystery animator. Daffy keeps assuming that he is at the beginning of the cartoon, but time is flowing inexorably by in the outer cartoon, Duck Muck itself. Traditionally, cartoons were around seven minutes long to fit into the shorts section of movie theater programs. ) At one point more than halfway through, Daffy shouts, All right! Lets get this picture started! Immediately a The End title appears, but Daffy pushes it aside and tries to take charge: Ladies and gentlemen, there will be no further delays, so I hall attempt to entertain you in my own inimitable fashion, going into a soft-shoe routine against the blank background. Duck Muck also plays with o nscreen and officered space. Many of the startling transformations we witness come from outside the limits of the frame. Most important, the unknown animator occupies the space from which the camera photographs the scene, with the brush and pencil coming in from under the camera. Daffy enters and exits frequently, and the frame often moves to reveal or conceal new portions of the scenery. When the sound cuts out entirely, Daffy asks to get it back (10. 07), and then we hear a scratchy sound, as if from a phonograph somewhere outside ten Trace playing a worn record. I Nils unseen phonograph provokes inappropriate noises?a machine gun when Daffy strums the guitar, a donkeys bray when he breaks it?an elaborate Joke on the fact that in animated films, the sound is never really produced by the characters and objects we see on the screen. The most spectacular gag involving the space outside the edges of the image comes when the top of the frame seems to collapse, dripping down onto Daffy like black syrup (10. 108). For a moment, we have the contradictory situation of having the space hat we know should be invisible outside the frame suddenly become visible on the screen. 0. 108 In Duck Muck, Daffy struggles to preserve a bit of space for himself as the frame collapses on him. The inventiveness of Duck Muck sets it apart from more conventional Hollywood animated films. Yet it also motivates its play with the medium through its adherence to narrative form, the genre of comedy, and familiar characters (Bugs mistreating Daffy, as usual). It is possible t o go even further in exploring the medium of animation and to depart from narrative altogether, as our second example shows.

Good Test Takers and Diagnostic Assessment Assignment

Good Test Takers and Diagnostic Assessment - Assignment Example According to Levine (n.d.), there are five types of high-level thinking that differentiate between a good test taker and a poor test taker, namely concept formation, problem solving ability, memorization and application of rules, critical thinking ability, and creativity. Good test takers remember things by forming concepts whereas poor test takers are habitual to cramming things up. Good test takers think logically so they have excellent problem solving ability whereas poor test takers do not think quite as logically and thus do not have as good problem solving ability as the good test takers have. Good test takers easily remember the concepts and are able to apply the rules that govern different subjects whereas poor test takers cannot remember concepts and accordingly, have difficulty applying them wherever required. Good test takers draw conclusions by considering the author’s viewpoint, identifying reliable sources in support of arguments, and consider their biases wherea s poor test takers tend to take the things at face value and draw erroneous conclusions accordingly. Good test takers are creative and like to have their own input into projects whereas poor test takers want guidelines and are not as creative as good test takers. Similarities between good and bad test takers are that both commonly experience test anxiety and difficult situations during test but the way they handle them differentiates between the two. Some ways in which teachers can improve the skills of poor test takers include frequent testing, testing soon after teaching a topic and then retesting later, and testing with cumulative questions.  We should not conclude about a child’s ability or progress using only formative and summative assessments. We also need to carry out diagnostic assessment and authentic assessment before reaching any conclusions about the children’s progress. Drawing conclusion without diagnostic and authentic assessment is inadequate because the teacher tends to assume that all children have the same level of existing knowledge whereas in reality, this is not the case. Diagnostic assessment provides the teachers with a way to map out a route or chart a way using the existing knowledge of the individual children. Diagnostic assessment also provides the teachers with an opportunity to identify misconceptions or gaps in the prior learning of the students so that they exactly know what the children know already and what are they able to do. Diagnostic assessment defines the individual children’s abilities to the teachers so that they can divide their attention among the children as per their needs.

Master slave relationships in Shakespeares The Tempest Essay

Master slave relationships in Shakespeares The Tempest - Essay Example (I, ii, 519-520). The word ‘slave’ is repeatedly used in the text to refer to Caliban which throws light on the European attitudes towards the people they conquered through imperialism. Similarly, Prospero calls Caliban â€Å"beast† (IV, i, 140), â€Å"devil† (IV, i, 188) and other derogatory terms to refer to his savagery and uncivilised ways. Even though Prospero claims to have imposed penalties on Caliban for violating the honour of his daughter (I, ii, 347-48) one really tends to doubt whether Caliban really deserves all those punishments inflicted on him. Tiffany, in this respect, purports that Caliban’s attempted rape on Miranda â€Å"stemmed from untaught natural impulse than from considered evil.† However, Caliban is destined to suffer from the wrath of his master. However, Caliban is not always submissive or servile. He reacts and yearns for his freedom and rights like a true colonist. His poems display both imaginative and intellectu al capabilities. He is bold enough to state that the island was presented to him by his mother: â€Å"This island’s mine by Sycorax my mother† (I, ii, 331) and thus he expresses his rightful claim to own the island. In the same way, Caliban’s intense longing to take revenge on his master is also evident in the play when he joins with Stephano and Trinculo to plot against Prospero. His revengeful attitude also made clear when he regrets of not being able to molest Miranda. He believes that if he had succeeded in his rape attempt he could have â€Å"peopled..../This isle with Calibans† (I, ii, 350-51) and taken the power back from Prospero’s hands. Thus, Caliban’s character displays feelings of... This paper illustrates that one can find Prospero’s magical powers being highlighted in The Tempest whereas his oppressive nature is depicted as subtle. However, deconstructive critics hold that â€Å"each term in the opposition depends on the other for meaning† and as such it is clear that Prospero masterly position in the play is directly related to Caliban’s servile or beastly existence. A deconstructive understanding of the text shows The Tempest is not merely a story of an island inhabitant and his master; on the other hand, the text aims at breaking the legacy of colonialism or imperialism that underpinned Britain’s history of slavery and empire. It can thus be seen that The Tempest deals with the themes of power and control within a master slave relationship between Prospero and Caliban. Caliban remains a servant to many masters varying from his mother Sycorax, the original colonizer to Stephano whom he takes as his own master to challenge Prospero. One can clearly notice that a number of characters in the play compete for the colonial control of the island and each one has specific colonial ambitions for the island. Even though Prospero succeeds in retaining the control of the island against all conspiracies his rule and the way he treats Caliban who is the rightful owner of the island raises questions of fairness, morality and rights. Thus, it is evident that the play depicts all the necessary tensions, uncertainties and master-slave relations that characterise colonialism and both Prospero and Caliban are signifiers for the greater imperial world order.

Escalation in Global Outsourcing Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Escalation in Global Outsourcing - Term Paper Example The SLA issues along with the implementation team that was also struggling to achieve the development deadlines set for the approaching project waves raised great concerns on the part of C&C. As a result, several nations go-live had to be delayed (Kovasznai&Willcocks, 2012). Other problems encountered by XperTrans were the overreliance on salespeople instead of experts to counsel their company. Thus, the salespeople on the ground were amazingly convincing, claiming that XperTrans had fantastic capabilities and if they bagged the deal, they would build the aircraft while flying it (Kovasznai&Willcocks, 2012). Therefore, XperTrans relied too much on salespeople having no experts with global service operation experience and made a commitment to offer a level of service that they had not yet offered to any customer before. XperTrans had also set a very ambitious timeline and had promised C&C to execute an almost similar HR outsourcing solution, developed in US, to the European, Middle East and Africa (EMEA) region without first verifying the model’s viability (Kovasznai&Willcocks, 2012). As XperTrans came to realize later, â€Å"American companies signing global deals have a very narrow minded vision, they don’t quite still understand that yo u can’t do it the same way in 44 countries as you do it in one† (Kovasznai&Willcocks, 2012, p.12). Thus, the individuals having high-level viewpoints as well as high-level decisions fundamentally lacked information regarding what precisely would be needed. XperTrans failed to consider differences in languages as well as the fact that every EMEA country had its own distinctive legal system. Thus, this misunderstanding later caused a lot of problems when the system went live. Due to project’s complexity, ambitious timelines, exceptionally strict SLAs, inconsistent resource planning, as well as a lack of sufficient level of in-house know-how, all the Wave A Nations suffered severe difficulties (Kovasznai&Willcocks,

Human Factors In The Aviation Industry

Human Factors In The Aviation Industry Human factors is one of the most used terms in the aviation industry. It was quoted in the Civil Aviation Authority CAP 715 that aircraft accidents recorded from around the world brought the need to address human factors issues in this environment into sharp focus6. Human factor can be fairly described as a mistakes or error that is cause by a human behaviour. It is also the largest causal factor of accidents and so, it must be targeted for major safety efforts if an improved safety records is to be achieved. From human factor, the concept grew into a more in depth system that helps to improvise the aviation maintenance organization working condition and such a new system are; safety culture and safety management system are being implemented in to organization. Safety Management System Safety Management can be seen as a systematic implementation of Risk management in the planning, control and supervision in the process to ensure safe operations. In a publication by Civil Aviation Authority (CAA) on Safety Management Systems for Commercial Air Transport Operations, CAP-712 it defines Safety Management System as: Safety Management is defined as the systematic management of the risks associated with flight operations, related ground operations and aircraft engineering or maintenance activities to achieve high levels of safety performance. 5 A Safety Management System is an explicit element of the corporate management responsibility which sets out a companys safety policy and defines how it intends to manage safety as an integral part of its overall business. 5 In short, safety management system is the processes and arrangements set by an organization to manage the health and safety issues within an organization and through such a method of using a system to manage those important function in the organization; it can improve the performance of an organization and reduce the risks any accidents. In the aircraft maintenance industry, safety management plays an important role of maintaining the satisfactory work output. Failure in this will cause a list of chain effect that could possibly increase the chances of causing an aircraft accident. For this reason, the Civil Aviation Authorities publish manuals on regards to this matter and one of such is the CAP 712 which focuses specifically on the safety management of the aviation industry to minimize the chances any factors that causes risks. A typical Safety Management Systems found in aviation industry should be made up of 4 key components:7 Safety Policy and Objectives; 7 An organization should have a safety policy that outlines the methods and processes that they will use to achieve a positive result. It should declare the principles and philosophies that lay the foundation of the organizations safety culture and be communicated to all staff thorough the organization. Safety Risk Management; 7 Safety risk management process starts with identification of hazards affecting the aviation industry and by assessing the risk associated with the hazards in terms of its seriousness and similarity to previous cases. When the risks are identified, only then can we make the appropriate implementation of remedial actions to reduce the level of risk as low as possible. Safety Assurance; 7 Safety assurance assesses the safety performance of the organization and this will allow continuous improvement to the organization. Through monitoring, measurement and reviewing the safety of an organization, it is possible to create a safety assurance within the organization and allow a continuous improvement of the safety system. Safety Promotion. 7 Promoting safety in an organization by means of training and educating employees will rather increase their safety responsibilities. This is especially effective for operational staffs, managers, supervisors, senior managers and the accountable manager since they are the ones that are responsible for the main production line of the company. Through training and continued maintenance of competence, it will provide an opportunity to reinforce the safety policy and establish the proper attitudes and behaviours for all levels of staff in the organization. Safety Culture Safety culture can be defined as the product of individual and group values, attitudes, competencies and patterns of behaviour that determine their commitment to the health and safety issues. An organization with a safety culture is one that prioritizes the safety and the importance to manage them to reduce risk. However, a safety culture is more than just avoiding accidents or reducing the number of accidents, but an apparent measure of success in improving the safety of employees within the organization. In the aircraft maintenance industry, it is to do follow the correct procedures when carrying out a maintenance check or repairs. Recognizing that accidents are preventable through following the key to achieving that safety culture is in: recognizing that accidents are preventable through following correct procedures and established best practice; constantly thinking safety; and seeking continuous improvement It is however, rare that new types of accidents to occur and many of those common ones continue to occur are normally due to the unsafe acts of employees, or technicians in these maintenance industry. These errors are usually the violation of good practice of establish rules. Those who make these errors are often aware of their foul actions but to cut a lengthy task short, they normally choose to take short-cuts and this ultimately increase the risk of accidents occurring. The central of a Safety Culture is a leadership that is capable of communicating with everyone in the company as a means of actions and setting a standard to the safety culture. Once everyone in the organization are capable of doing their job in a safe ways and vigilance of the hazardous environment of the maintenance organization, only then can they reach a new standard of safety driven through attitudes. At the same time, as a leader they must actively encourage and demonstrate regularly to encourage all employees to participate in order to achieve a new level of safety. A safety culture in an aircraft maintenance industry should consist of five elements2: An informed culture In an informed culture the organization should collects and analyses relevant data, and actively disseminates safety information to update on their safety management system. A reporting culture Through cultivating an atmosphere where people have confidence to report safety concerns without fear of blame. Employees must know that confidentiality will be maintained and that the information they submit will be acted upon, otherwise they will decide that there is no benefit in their reporting A learning culture In a learning culture, the organization is able to learn from its mistakes and make improvements. It will also ensure that people understand the Safety Management System processes at a personal level. A just culture A just culture, errors and unsafe acts will not be punished if the error was unintentional. However, for those who act recklessly or take deliberate and unjustifiable risks will still be subject to disciplinary action. A flexible culture A flexible culture in the organization and the people in it are capable of adapting effectively to changing demands. Safety Management System with Safety Culture In a term, safety culture lays the foundation of the safety management system which can also be treated as the lifeblood of an organization. The safety culture can influences how well its people and structure work together therefore it can determines how successful an organization can be for the long term and short term period at the same time. Safety culture in a maintenance organisation can be also described as the way it operates and particularly in the way it manages safety. To put it simply, a safety culture influences all important thing that go on in an organization. In order for Safety Management System to accomplish its goals, the organization must first be able to establish a safety culture within the working environment. From the key components that made up the Safety Management System and Safety Culture, it is understandable that why without safety culture, a safety management System will not be effective. The Safety culture elements refers to the work environments, such as values, rules and understandings that influence the employees perceptions and attitudes toward the importance of a safety of the organization. On the other hand, the Safety Management System is the arrangements made by the organization in order to promote a safety culture and achieve good safety performance. Without a Safety Culture the industry will not be able to minimize the risks of accidents with just having a Safety Management System. It is the combine effects of the 2 that create a balance of risk management. The safety culture works by providing the proper analysis of risk faced by the industry and by using this information, the Safety Management System can make arrangement to strengthen the safety culture, for example, the attitude of employees when performing a task can be strengthen if they have beneficial claims if they done the task with correct procedure. Therefore, we can conclude that in order for a Safety Management System to establish in the aviation industry, a safety culture must coexist with Safety Management System. Reprimanding Engineer Reprimanding an engineer is a process where they are judge on their mistakes. However, the chances of that engineer making the same mistakes in the future is very low but if we are looking at a different type of mistakes, it is almost impossible to say that by reprimanding an engineer can actually prevent them from making the mistakes in the future. Even if we reprimand the engineer who is at fault it is difficult to put the blame on him/her as we are well aware of human factors and other factors that plays a role in such situation. Therefore, even if we were to reprimand the engineers for the mistakes, it is not entirely possible to say that they will not make other mistakes in the future. The only way to answer the question is the type of mistakes which is either something that we cant control i.e. human factors, and those that are caused by poor management in the organization. By learning from mistakes, the management team will be able to adjust or improve the working culture so t hat the same mistakes will not every happen again in the organization. The few aspects to that place the engineer in a position where he or she is at fault of the mistakes but the fact reveals that they are not entirely at fault. They are: Working Environment Workload Maintenance Team Working Environment: In the maintenance department of aviation industry, with the ever changing working environment it is hard for engineers to cope with it. The maintenance department will have aircraft going in and out of the hangar every day and it should be able to accommodate the specific type and number of aircraft in the base to carry out the maintenance. If the engineer have been working in a tight space area there are bound to have human errors mistakes going on in the maintenance base. When we talk about working environment, it also includes the environmental issues such as temperature, lighting, noise and tools. In different countries the working temperature can play a role in causing human errors which is can be prevented by having proper ventilation in the working environment. Lighting on the other hand plays an important role because a working environment with poor lighting can also promote poor working environment and expose engineers to make mistakes. Noise levels should be controlled to the point where it will not distract engineer when carrying out tasks such as inspection if it is not practical to control the noise source, engineers should be provided with the proper gear to stop the excessive noise that cause distraction. Working environment also includes the different types of tools that are used for specific tasks. If a maintenance need to carry out a task that requires tools that the maintenance department are not prepared with, engineers might be forced in a situation where they need to improvise to get the job done which include using non-compatible tools to do a job. Workload An increased workload may also be considered to be associated as the cause of the mistakes. Workload can affect engineers psychological and physical performance. With increased workload, the amount of stress that builds up slowly can ultimately cause an unwanted problem to happen. This is a common problem that can be found in most aviation maintenance industry as engineers are constantly asked to accomplish a task within a specific amount of time. If for some reason they are unable to accomplish the task in time, their stress level will rise to a point where they might complete the task without proper inspection of being done correctly. Therefore, engineers are not the only reason that will link them to making mistakes but originated from the maintenance department that schedule the amount of work that needs to be done. Maintenance Team In the aviation maintenance industry, it is common to find that engineers work in a team with a handful of technicians or other engineers to accomplish a certain job. However, it is impossible to judge whos at fault when a problem appears in the task that they performed. As a team, it is not justify putting the blame on 1 engineer that performs the task as a team be it the correct way or not. The issues should be raise up against the whole team in order to maintain a balance in the working culture so that everyone in the maintenance department are well aware of such a problem and will be more vigilance. After such an incident, the management team can set up a system that need all team members to inspect that the task is done correctly and without any problems and reducing the chances of repeating the same mistakes in the future. From the unintentional cause of mistakes, we now move on to discuss on the violation of aircraft maintenance practice. Although most engineers stern from a genuine desire to do a proper job but there are always some that chooses to be the odd ones and decided to violate the practices intentionally and pose as a threat to the aviation maintenance. There are 4 types of violation which can be classified: Routine Violation Routine violations is when engineers believe that procedures may be over prescriptive and decided that they can be violated to simplify a task or commonly known by us as cutting corners, to save time and efforts. Situational Violations Situational violation only occurs due to time pressure, high workload, unworkable procedures, inadequate tooling, and poor working conditions. So in order to get the job done, engineers consider that a procedure cannot be followed completely and again skipped the full procedure. Optimizing Violations Optimizing violations involve breaking the rules for kicks or pleasure. These are often quite unrelated to the actual task. The person just uses the opportunity to show that he is very skillful in doing specific task. Exceptional Violations Exceptional Violations are when engineers have no other options to proceed with a task without violating a few rules. Even if the engineers have no ill intention of violating any procedure but circumstances persists. When an error occurs in the maintenance department, the engineer who last worked on the aircraft is usually consider to be at fault and may be reprimanded and requires to go through some remedial training or simply told not to make the same error again. However, by blaming the engineer who is at fault may not be a positive ways of sending message across the maintenance department since other engineers may be discourage to come clean about their mistakes and cover up their mistakes. Ultimately, through reprimand it deny a safety culture to effectively establish in the maintenance department. Without a safety culture, the engineer will not be aware of the other mistakes and subsequently that engineer will make another mistake. All in all, it is not possible that the engineer will avoid making mistakes since there is always a human limit. So, in order to reduce or prevent errors, the maintenance organization needs to compromise between implementing measure to prevent or reduce errors and making profits. Perhaps the most important of all is to achieve a level of management where engineers have no means of intentionally violates the proper procedure to accomplish tasks. Conclusion In conclusion, human factor is one of the most common factors that cause error or accidents in the aviation maintenance industry. In order to prevent or reduce this risk, organization implemented many new types of safety system and culture to counter this problem. Human factor forces people to make mistakes and mistakes leads to accident, be it a serious or minor ones but the end result will be organization not making any profits. Having that said, since its not possible to avoid human factors in the aviation industry, engineers making a mistakes unintentionally can help the maintenance organization to learn from such an incident and implement new system so that they can reduce or prevent such mistakes from happening again in the future.

The Decameron by Giovanni Boccaccio Essay -- Literary Analysis

â€Å"You are to look upon this grim opening as travelers on foot confront a steep, rugged mountain: beyond it lies a most enchanting plain which they appreciate all the more for having toiled up and down the mountain first,† (Boccaccio, pg. 7). The Decameron, by Giovanni Boccaccio embodies this verse. Until this time period, religion guided society like an invisible hand pushing everyone along. Throughout many generation religion evolved. From polytheism to monotheism, form idols to churches, people leaned on the virtues that religion presented, and led their lives accordingly. Everyone learned to submit themselves to the Church as they were too scared to pave their own virtuous way. Instead of using the Church as a guide they surrendered themselves completely becoming monkeys in the face of emperors. The Pope was no longer a messenger of God rather he was God-like himself for he too held scores of lives in his hands. The power that the sacred rulers grasped deceived them of their true abilities; they now acted as if they were gods despite their limiting human capabilities. The Popes now used â€Å"virtues† to elicit supremacy, opposed to using authority as an instrument to spread morality. Giovanni Boccaccio wishes to lift the veil and expose the church for what they have become. Using Satire he exposes the true actions of those in command. Though the road in revealing the corruption of the Church is jagged and rocky it allows for a new beginning. It allows everyone to discover â€Å"a most enchanting plain.† While many praise Boccaccio for his disclosure of the Church there still are menacing effects of such an action. He boots the Church off of its pedestal leaving an open seat for the next ruler. While the church may have been crooked Bo... ...ety to a better world was convoluted and crooked. Boccaccio laid out many examples and effects that the church had on civilization in hopes to overcome the fraudulent society that everyone depended on. Life is about living. Human competence has the ability to meld the physical world and the spiritual world into one boulevard. Life is about experiencing freedom. Freedom to control one’s actions, freedom to choose one’s leader and freedom to grow past difficulties. In The Decameron, Boccaccio tried to give everyone their freedom back. Bibliography Alchin, Linda. "Middle Ages." Middle Ages. Online. September 20 2006 16 December 2010. "Avatar ." Avatar; The Journey Continues. Online. 2010 16 December 2010. Boccaccio, Giovanni. The Decameron. New York: Oxford, 1998.