Period Of High Renaissance - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 659 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2019/06/14 Category Art Essay Level High school Tags: Renaissance Essay Did you like this example? Gerard David was born in the town of Oudewater, Netherlands in 1460. Little is known of his early life but he began to make a name for himself once he joined the Guild. After a few years in 1494 he was known as the head painter and a master in his field. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Period Of High Renaissance" essay for you Create order Most of his works contain religious figures and are extremely realistic. Davidrs primary influences were Jan Van Eycks, Rogier van der Weyden, Hugo van der Goes and perhaps also Albert van Oudewater and Hans Memling. (Total History). What made Gerard David stand out as an artist came from his own talent as a colorist. He uses rich and vivid colors in his garments with great detail and blending. He was also an illustrator of manuscripts which was a talent high in demand during his life time. He did not leave a legacy but proved to have mastered the techniques of creating illusion, the human figure, color, oil painting, use of perspective, and space in early and high renaissance throughout his paintings. 4) We find realism in this painting by the setting in which the holy family is at and where Mary takes a rest to feed baby Jesus, simply on a rock. Her fingers and other bodily features are proportionate with each other and Jesus is proportionate in size relative to her as well. The lines in which he draws their bodies are barely seen due to his overlaying of color and addition of mass and volume to their bodies to make the figures look solid. Her clothing stands out from soft colors Gerard uses in the landscape drawing the viewers attention to what is important in the painting; Mary breastfeeding Jesus. She wears a shiny navy-blue garment with a bright red one underneath and he uses chiaroscuro for volume to following the bends and curves of her body. Her coat is a much darker color yet we can still tell the texture is smooth and silky at the touch by the shine David adds. Gerard also uses perspective to show they are long ways from the town and how far she traveled from the exit of the woods to her rest stop. This painting is not representing the family at a specific time, but at two different times by drawing Mary on the donkey holding Jesus and Joseph walking beside as they exit the forest. The figures do not have sharp and defining lines instead he faded them a little to look unfocused, this represents them in the past and the solid more detail figures to be the present. We find some symbolism and foreshadowing with the broad-leaf plantain Gerard chose to place at Maryrs feet and around her. This plant was used medicinally to stop a wound from bleeding, foreshadowing the suffering this mother and child will face. There are two things that stand out as not realistic in this painting and they are the transparent clothing Jesus wears, which matches the veil on Maryrs head, and his posture. He sits up straight looking at the viewer while drinking milk instead of laying down and looking at his mother like a normal baby his age would. This gives me the impression that this baby is much wiser than any other one and that he knows something we dont know, maybe his own destiny. This painting is a narrative of the long travels the holy family made with not much in their possession. The painting is historical because it tells a story of Jesusrs early life. It also tells you Joseph and Maryrs wealth status, they owned a donkey which at that time was a normal means of transportation for those that come from a small town. They had to pack light because of it and meant they left a lot behind to travel to Egypt. This artwork leaves behind the importance religious themes had on the daily lives of people during this time and the artists as well.

Advantages And Disadvantages Of The Gilded Age - 1035 Words

Question 2 From the end of the nineteenth century to the middle of the twentieth century many economic changes occurred, from booms to busts, but all effected minorities less favorably. At the end of the nineteenth century began an era of industrialization that created an economic upturn called the gilded age. Hallmarks of this age were technological advances, banking innovations, and wealth concentrations. Railroad construction, advances in steel production, and electrical innovation drove industrial and economic growth. Emerging from this upheaval were a gaggle of industrial big wigs: John D. Rockefeller, J.P. Morgan, and Andrew Carnegie. These three represented an unholy alliance with government and big business that left smaller†¦show more content†¦Ford Motor company not only revolutionized production with the assembly line, but also paid its workers well enough that they could afford to buy its cars too. This boom in car ownership encouraged other industries to grow as well, sectors such as road and bridge construction, glass and leather manufacturing, and naturally, oil production expanded also. Advertising built brand identification and created a consumer culture that equated patriotism, and piety with consumerism. For the first time, companies like Coca Cola, and General Electric sold hope and lifestyle, encouraging the creation of a consumer culture. Unfortunately this roaring twenties boom economy lead many to lean too heavily on credit, leading to an inevitable down cycle called the Great Depression. Structural defects in the US economy, such as banking sector instability, wage stagnation, agricultural overproduction, and over reliance on credit, were the main causes of the Great Depression. Newly elected Herbert Hoover and his administration floundered as unemployment and hunger raged out of control. So many lost their homes that card board shanties called Hoovervilles sprung up in all major cities. American s disillusionment with governmental ineffectiveness during Hoover s administration allowed the Democratic Party to elect the first democratic president since Woodrow Wilson(1921). Franklin Delano Roosevelt(FDR) swept into power ready toShow MoreRelatedInventions In The Gilded Age1140 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction Immigration and African American Rights, I think these are the main events that happen during the Gilded Age. The Gilded Age was an eventful time, had lots of things going on from left and right of us. Mark Twain called the 19th century the Gilded Age, by this he meant that the period was glittering on the surface, but corrupt underneath. There were only two different classes, either you were rich or poor. 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We need to stop giving holdouts the power to prevent convictions and I feel that all jurors should not have to

Factors that Affect Selection of Manufacturing Process Design at Apple Inc. Free Essays

string(157) " been deeply embedded in the company’s organizational culture, and employees are aware of the need to pay attention to details \(West Mace, 2010\)\." Introduction Process design is defined as the alignment of processes to satisfy customer needs while at the same time meeting the set objectives of the organization (Becker et al., 2003). All businesses, regardless of whether they are service based or product based, have the obligation of delivering quality products and services to customers (Matsa, 2011). We will write a custom essay sample on Factors that Affect Selection of Manufacturing Process Design at Apple Inc. or any similar topic only for you Order Now There are different process designs that can be adopted in organizations, which include serial and parallel processes. The serial approach of involves the alignment of activities to take place one after the other in a defined sequence. Whereas this approach is known to be simple and easy to understand, one disadvantage associated with it is that processes take a longer time to accomplish and thus, reduces capacity (Iravani et al., 2005). Parallel processes, on the other hand, involve the execution of two or more processes in a simultaneous manner. This approach can lead to a reduction in the flow time or an increase in capacity. However, this depends on whether the parallel operations are set to carry out unlike or like operations (Mascitelli, 2004). Selection of the most ideal service or manufacturing process design for a company depends on several factors. This explains the differences that may exist in the way companies within the same industry may design their processes differently. According to Swift and Booker (2003), selection of the ideal process depends on the nature of the marketplace, the business, and the product itself. With reference to Apple Inc, this paper aims at providing a critical discussion of the key factors that influence the selection of a service or manufacturing process design. It also seeks to discuss ways in which project management principles aid operations managers in introduction of changes to operation processes or systems. A. Factors that govern selection of manufacturing processes design Cost The key objective of any business is to maximize their profits while offering quality to customers. Therefore, one of the strategies that can be used in achievement of this objective is ensuring that the processes being undertaken are as cost effective as possible (Swift Booker, 2003). At Apple, its main products are iPhones, iPads and MacBook computers (Apple Inc., 2014). Whereas its products are known for being slightly more expensive than those manufactured by other brands, the company also increases through cutting costs of production. Pries and Quigley (2013) define process costs as the investments that are required to be incurred in the course of the manufacturing process. These comprise of the expenditures incurred in purchase of equipment, labour and raw materials, and capital costs. There are different approaches that can be used in management of costs incurred in processes (Huang et al., 2005). For Apple, costs are cut by outsourcing components and labour. In the overall e lectronics and technology industry, most of the components are obtained from Asian manufacturing industries, which are known to be both cheaper and more versatile than those from other parts of the world (Roy et al., 2012). In addition to the fact that outsourcing helps in reducing manufacturing costs, outsourcing of activities that are non-core also enables companies to focus more on their core activities like designing of new products (Polychronakis Syntetos, 2007). It also helps companies to share their risks. Components used to build Apple products are obtained from over 150 companies that are spread all over the world. With reference to an estimate made by Milian (2012), the costs that were incurred in the production of the iPhone 4s were at $196. Given that a unit of the iPhone 4s at the time of its production was at $649, the cost reduction strategy meant that the gross profit that was obtained from a single unit was $453 (Milian, 2012). This explains why amidst the stiff competition in the electronics and computer industry, Apple Inc has managed to maintain high profit levels. It had an annual profit of $41.7 billion in 2012, making it the second most profitable company after Exxon Mobil (The Huffing Post, 2013). Apple also further reduces the costs it incurs in manufacture of its products by ensuring that they create partnerships with many companies to encourage competition and as a result, it gets favourable deals (Milian, 2012). Even with the high success that has been achieved by the cost reduction strategy at Apple, the company has faced several criticisms. For instance, one of the companies in China that takes part in the assembly of the company’s products, Foxconn, has a bad reputation for mistreatment of its employees (Chamberlain, 2011). Quality Operation managers have the role of ensuring that the goods or services that are offered to clients are of optimum quality (Mukherjee, 2006). Apart from reducing costs to maximize profits, companies also select their manufacturing process designs based on the quality of their outcome. Manufacturing processes that do not produce products in the state that was intended by designers or fail to cater for the need of customers in the market ought to be avoided, regardless of how cost-effective they may be (David Bamford, 2010). At apple, the high levels of quality have enabled it perform well in the industry with a large number of customers often ready to purchase new products that they manufacture (West Mace, 2010). Even though it can be argued that quality control processes ensure that any quality issues can be solved before products are delivered to clients, it is more productive if the original manufacturing process is flawless (Creese, 2013). To ensure that quality is maintained or improved, the staff members at Apple are often encouraged to be creative and innovative so as to come up with ideas of improving quality. Another approach that ensures quality of processes at apple is through carrying out constant reviews of products. According to Lashinsky (2011), Apple has a program that involves carrying out a review of products every Monday. This enables the company to make the necessary improvements or corrections in case an issue is identified. The issue of quality at Apple has been deeply embedded in the company’s organizational culture, and employees are aware of the need to pay attention to details (West Mace, 2010). You read "Factors that Affect Selection of Manufacturing Process Design at Apple Inc." in category "Essay examples" The keen attention that is paid to product and process details at Apple has been among the key factors that have led to the consistency in the company’s market performance. By incurring an extra cost to ensure the manufacturing process is of the required quality, companies are able to satisfy their customers and build string brands in their respective industries of operation (Talib et al., 2011). Flexibility The dynamism that characterized the present-day business environment also means that organizational operations should be as flexible as possible so as to maintain their relevance (Merschmann Thonemann, 2011). Flexibility is the ease at which manufacturing processes can change certain aspects or qualities of products. These range from the shape, materials used to manufacture the product or the finish (Creese, 2013). Lack of flexibility in manufacturing processes may make it difficult for companies to satisfy the ever-changing needs in the market. It may also make quite expensive to replace the existent processes with newer ones (Chou et al., 2010). The need for flexibility is more intense in the computer industry because is one of the most flexible industries. With reference to Moore’s law, capabilities of many electronic devices in the market often change at least once in two years. As technological advancements increase, this pace is bound to increase (Mollick, 2006). Apple is also well known for manufacturing upgraded versions of previous products approximately on a yearly basis. For instance, between 2007 June and 2013 September, a total of eight versions of the iPhone have been manufactured by Apple (Bergmann, 2013). The improvements that are made in the Apple’s products incorporate the innovative ideas of designers as well as the feedback the company obtains from clients. The need for flexibility in the manufacturing designs also helps companies to stay ahead of the competition on their industries of operation. Apple faces competition from many companies that also frequently upgrade their product to match the market needs (Carbaugh, 2013). Other Factors Environmental Sustainability Apart from the three aforementioned factors affecting selection of the manufacturing process design, there are numerous other factors that operations managers put into consideration. One of these is the potential impact that the process may have on the environment (Vezzoli Manzini, 2008). With the current focus that the international business community on environmental sustainability, companies ought to ensure that they select processes that have the least adverse impact on the environment (Geels, 2011). In an effort to lessen its carbon footprint, one of the strategies that Apple has used is utilization of renewable energy in the company’s operations. These include solar, geothermal, hydro and wind energy (Apple Inc., 2014). However, the company has been under criticism for ignoring the adverse environmental impacts that the company’s operations in China are causing. Quantity of products The quantity of products that the company produces for customers also determines the choice of the appropriate manufacturing process. In a situation where companies manufacture single products to fit the specifications of clients, a one-off approach may be appropriate (Jones Robinson, 2012). On the other hand, if the company deals in the manufacture of products in large quantities, the mass production approach is preferable (Jones Robinson, 2012). Since Apple manufactures products to satisfy millions of customers worldwide, the manufacturing approach that it utilizes is mass production. By September 2013 alone, Apple sold approximately 33.8 million iPhones, 4.6 million Macs and 14.1 million iPads (Apple Inc, 2013). External Regulations Standards and regulations, usually set by different governing bodies also affect the selection of the manufacturing approach. Some of the aspects that that are focused include environmental impacts and specific quality standards that ought to be delivered to customers (Jones Robinson, 2012). For instance, electronics manufacturing companies are supposed to adhere to the set standards in terms of the air emissions, solid and hazardous wastes and effluents (Multilateral Investment Guarantees Agency, 2010). These regulations are also applicable to Apple. Regardless of how cost effective and flexible a manufacturing process can be, companies have the obligation of adhering to the set standards to avoid getting into legal issues (Bamford Forrester, 2010). The factors that have been highlighted above are relevant to all companies that deal in the manufacture of products for their customers. Whereas it is impossible to optimize all the mentioned aspects of manufacturing processes, companies ought to make a comprehensive evaluation of their manufacturing processes to ensure that they deliver quality to their clients and also meet their goals and objectives. Even though Apple has had a few challenges and controversies in its product manufacturing processes, it has managed to maintain its strong position in the electronics industry. This is partly attributed to the effective selection of manufacturing process designs. B. How the main principles of project management help operation managers to introduce change Principles of Project Management Change is an inevitable issue in organizational operations, systems and processes. Therefore, effective project management always puts this into consideration to ensure a smooth transformation from one state of the organization to the other (Boje et al., 2012). Some of the principles of project management include understanding the stages that projects go through from the beginning to the end, possessing good management (controlling), leadership and communication skills and working in the interest of all company stakeholders (David Bamford, 2010). These principles play a very vital role in situations where changes are to be implemented in certain processes or systems within the organization. Possessing management skills makes project managers capable at effectively implementing the change process (Berkun, 2008). It is important to understand that implementation of change can be more successful if the employees and other organizational stakeholders are involved throughout the process. Failure to effectively communicate to them about the changes to be made may bring about resistance to the process (Vida, 2012). In addition to this, employees may also find it difficult to adjust to the implemented changes. There are several models of change management that have been previously suggested by researchers. These include the eight-step model of change suggested by Kotter (2007). Henry (2012) also points out several principles of project management, which can also help operations managers in introducing change in systems or processes in the organization. One of these is commitment. For projects involving change to be effectively implemented, managers are supposed to lead by example in showing their unlimited commitment and employees will follow. The other is referred to as the tetrad trade off principle, which is based on the principle that for a project to be implemented successfully, the scope, cost, time and quality have to be in equilibrium and attainable (Sarah Dixon, 2013). There is also the strategy principle, which defines the planning and implementation procedure. This principle is based on the fact that for a project to begin and end successfully, there are certain procedural activities that ought to be undertaken. Effective incorporation of these principles by operations managers can help in ensuring that changing processes or systems in the organ ization is undertaken smoothly (Hongjun Yajia, 2012). Introducing Change in Processes/Systems To effectively introduce change in company systems or processes, it is necessary to have a comprehensive plan (Kotter, 2007). This typically involves determining the type of change that will be effective for the company and notifying employees and stakeholders on the imminent change process. Another measure involves building awareness among employees and other stakeholders and building the capacity that will be needed in the process (Jones Robinson, 2012). Some of the measures that can be undertaken in this stage of preparation include making an announcement of the intended change and when it is expected to take place. It also involves recruitment of some employees that will take up some of the tasks that are involved in the change process (Kotter, 2007). In cases where training is required before the change process is implemented, the recruited employees should be provided with the adequate training. According to Vida (2012), communication skills are quite instrumental in the chang e process. Project managers need to create an avenue through which employees can give feedback, and eliminate the bureaucratic barriers that may exist to hamper the ease flow of communication within the organization (Henry, 2012). Conclusion As companies compete to strengthen their brand positions and increase their market shares, there are several underlying strategies that they use. One of these is the selection of the most ideal manufacturing or service process design that will ensure customer satisfaction is achieved while at the same time contribute to the achievement of organizational goals and objectives. This paper has provided an in-depth and critical discussion of some of the factors that affect selection of the manufacturing processes, with a reference to Apple Inc, one of the leading companies in the electronics industry. Some of the key factors that have been discussed include costs, quality and flexibility of the process. As presented in the paper, Apple Inc has managed to maintain a strong brand position partly because of the effective selection of manufacturing processes. The paper has also highlighted the ways in which the principles of project management can help operations managers to introduce change in organizations. Future research on this subject could address the challenges that project mangers undergo in selecting the ideal manufacturing or service process design. References Apple Inc, 2013. Apple Reports Fourth Quarter Results. [Online] Available at: http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2013/10/28Apple-Reports-Fourth-Quarter-Results.html?sr=hotnews.rss [Accessed 8 January 2014]. Apple Inc., 2014. Apple and the Environment. [Online] Available at: http://www.apple.com/environment/renewable-energy/ [Accessed 8 January 2014]. Becker, J., Kugeler, M. Rosemann, M., 2003. Process management: a guide for the design of business processes: with 83 figures and 34 tables. Munich: Springer Verlag. Bergmann, A., 2013. iPhone Evolution. CNN Money, 12 Novemner. Berkun, S., 2008. Making Things Happen: Mastering Project Management. California: O’Reilly. Boje, D., Burnes, B?. Hassard, J?., 2012. The Routledge Companion to Organizational Change. New York: Routledge. Carbaugh, R.J., 2013. Contemporary Economics: An Applications Approach. Edmonds: M.E. Sharpe. Chamberlain, G., 2011. Apple’s Chinese workers treated ‘inhumanely, like machines’. The Guardian, 30 April. Chou, M.C., Chua, G.A., Teo, C.-P. Zheng, H., 2010. Design for Process Flexibility: Ef?ciency of the Long Chain and Sparse Structure. Operations Research, 58(1), pp.43-58. Creese, R., 2013. Introduction to Manufacturing Processes and Materials. New Jersey: CRC Press. Bamford, ?D. Forrester, P., 2010. Essential Guide to Operations Management: Concepts and Case Notes. New Jersey: John Wiley Sons. Geels, F.W., 2011. The multi-level perspective on sustainability transitions: Responses to seven criticisms. Environmental Innovation and Societal Transitions, 1, pp.24-40. Henry, A., 2012. Understanding Strategic Management. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Hongjun, L. Yajia, G., 2012. Study on Chain Companies Human Resources Management. Information and Business Intelligence, 267, pp.227-32. Huang, G.Q., Zhang, X.Y. Liang, L., 2005. Towards integrated optimal configuration of platform products, manufacturing processes, and supply chains. Journal of Operations Management, 23(3), pp.267-90. Iravani, S.M., Van Oyen, M.P. Sims, K.T., 2005. Structural flexibility: A new perspective on the design of manufacturing and service operations. Management Science, 51(2), pp.151-66. Jones, P. Robinson, ?P., 2012. Operations Management. Oxford : Oxford University Press. Kotter, J.P., 2007. Leading Change: Why Transformation Efforts Fail. Harvard Business Review, pp.1-10. Lashinsky, A., 2011. How Apple works: Inside the world’s biggest startup. [Online] Available at: http://tech.fortune.cnn.com/2011/08/25/how-apple-works-inside-the-worlds-biggest-startup/ [Accessed 9 January 2014]. Mascitelli, R., 2004. The Lean Design Guidebook. Northridge: Technology Perspectives. Matsa, A., 2011. Competition and Product Quality in the Supermarket Industry. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 126(3), pp.1539-91. Merschmann, U. Thonemann, U.W., 2011. Supply chain flexibility, uncertainty and firm performance: an empirical analysis of German manufacturing firms. International Journal of Production Economics, 130(1), pp.43-53. Milian, M., 2012. How Apple cuts costs in building its gadgets. CNN, 7 February. Mollick, E., 2006. Establishing Moore’s law. Annals of the History of Computing. IEEE, 28(3), pp.62-75. Mukherjee, P., 2006. Total Quality Management. New Jersey: Prentice Hall. Multilateral Investment Guarantees Agency, 2010. Environmental Guidelines for Electronics Manufacturing. [Online] Available at: http://www.miga.org/documents/ElectronicsManufacturing.pdf [Accessed 9 January 2014]. Polychronakis, Y.E. Syntetos, A.A., 2007. ‘Soft’ supplier management related issues: An empirical investigation. International Journal of Production Economics, 106, pp.431-49. Pries, K.H. Quigley, ?J.M., 2013. Reducing Process Costs with Lean, Six Sigma, and Value Engineering Techniques. New Jersey: CRC Press. Roy, K.C., Blomqvist, ?H.-C. Clark, ?., 2012. Economic Development in China, India and East Asia: Managing Change in the Twenty First Century. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing. Sarah, E. Dixon, A., 2013. Failure, Survival or Success in a Turbulent Environment: the dynamic capabilities lifecycle. Chartered Management Institute, 4(3), pp.13-19. Swift, K.G. Booker, ?J.D., 2003. Process Selection: from design to manufacture. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann. Talib, F., Rahman, Z. Qureshi, M., 2011. A study of total quality management and supply chain management practices. International Journal of Productivity and Performance Management, 60(3), pp.268-88. The Huffing Post, 2013. Fortune Global 500: Top 10 Most Profitable Companies in The World. Huff Post, 7 August. Vezzoli, C.A. Manzini, E., 2008. Design for Environmental Sustainability. Milan: Springer. Vida, K., 2012. The Project Management Handbook: A Guide to Capital Improvements. New York: Rowman Littlefield. West, J. Mace, M., 2010. Browsing as the killer app: Explaining the rapid success of Apple’s iPhone. Telecommunications Policy, 34(5), pp.270-86. How to cite Factors that Affect Selection of Manufacturing Process Design at Apple Inc., Essay examples

Slavery In US (3396 words) Essay Example For Students

Slavery In US (3396 words) Essay Slavery In USThe Slaves And The Slaveowners Views Of Slavery That face ofhis, the hungry cannibals Would not have touched, would not have stained withblood; But you are more inhuman, more inexorable, Oh! ten times more thantigers of Hyrcania. Shakespeare I chose the topic about slavery for myresearch paper because I thought it would be an interesting experience doingresearch about slavery. It is American history and the more we know about it,the better we can understand what is going on today in our country. I think thatbecause slavery was abolished very recently in terms of historical periods oftime, it still has an impact on todays economic and political life. Searchingfor the writings by slave owners was a more difficult task then searching forthe writings by slaves. However, I found a lot of useful material in varioussources. The slavery in the United States is no doubt a shameful history of ourcountry. White people transferred the slaves living in Africa to the New Landand treat ed them as their property, not as human beings. The living and workingconditions of slaves and their food were extremely poor. Those were inhumanconditions in which the slaves had to survive. Endless executions of the slavesmade the situation even worse. Slavery was a period of time when one racetreated the other race as animals, things, property, but not as people. Unfortunately, not everyone saw the situation as it was in reality at that time. As we can see from many different sources available today, the points of view ofslaves and slave owners on slavery were the opposite to each other. That can beseen in various slaves and slave owners descriptions of slavery. Slavesdescribed their dwellings, food, clothes, labor, and the terrible treatment ofslaves by their masters. On the other hand, slave owners described therelationships between slaves and their masters in a very positive way. Theyargued that slavery is very beneficial for the slaves and the slaves are veryhappy to live with their masters. Let us now consider both these points of viewsin details. First of all, let us look at the slaves description of the cloththey wore. The clothes supply was as minimum as possible and the quality of theclothes was very bad. Here is how one of the slaves describes it. Our dresswas of tow cloth; for the children nothing but a shirt; for the older ones apair of pantaloons or a gown in addition, according to the sex. In winter, around jacket or overcoat, a wool hat once in two or three years, for the males,and a pair of coarse shoes once a year(Lester 65). This scanty list of itemswas the only things available to the slaves. Certainly, it was not enough forthe people who worked very hard for more than ten hours a day. The clothes werevery dirty and with holes all over the place pretty soon. Imagine if you have towear the same shirt day after day for the long time. The masters did not careabout slaves children; they did not distribute much clothes for them either. According to the slaves, it was their problem what to put on their children whenit was cold outside (Feldstein 45). However, some slaves say there were somemasters who gave some extra material for the children, but it was not sufficientany way. Others gave any additional clothes only for extra work (Feldstein 45). As for the slave owners seeing the slaves situation, one of theslaveholders reveals that he used to distribute new clothes once a year (Feldstein45). This testimony by the slave owner actually testifies the slavesdescriptions of the slavery that makes us believe to the slaves even more. However, there were a lot of slave owners who saw the situation quitedifferently. One anonymous slave owner in his letter to Lord Brougham arguesthat as a slave, he would have at least the protection ofone master interested in his welfare; as a freeman, almost beyond the pale ofgovernment protection, with no one to take care of him, of a despised andinferior race, a stranger in a land of strangers, how miserable would be hisfate!(Williams 41) That is what this person really believes, and he was notalone. The slave owners really believed that slavery was very beneficial for theslaves, and they clothed their slaves well. According to the slaves, theirdwellings were unimaginably poor huts that were not suited for living at all. Let us look at some descriptions of their huts to realize how terrible theconditions of the slaves were. One of the slaves remembers that the hut usuallywas one-room log cabin without a partition and a total furnishing weregenerally a bed, a bench and a few cooking utilities(Feldstein 42). Anotherformer slave tells us that they erected with posts and crotches,with but little or no frame-work about them. They no stoves or chimneys;some of them something like a fireplace at the end(Moulton 19). Itis obvious that these cabins with no furniture inside did not seem likepeoples homes. The slaves lived almost outside. Some of the emancipatedslaves remember that they used to sleep on a miserable bed, children on the floor(Lester 62-63). One of the former slaves remembers hisexperience of living in such a cabin as very uncomfortable. The cabin constructed without floor or window. The latter is altogether unnecessary;the crevices between the logs admit sufficient light. In stormy weather th erain through them(Lester 63-64). As for the furniture of thecabins, another former slave remembers that he used to sleep on a plank twelveinches wide and ten feet long. As a pillow he used a stick of wood. He had onlyone blanket and nothing else to make himself warmer (Lester 63). Except cold,rain, and wind, many slaves suffered from a great amount of mosquitoes. Someslaves remember that they kept a smoke from their fireplaces all night to securethemselves from all the insects (Moulton 19). Sleeping on the planks, beingcold, wet during the rains, and in the smoke; that was the way slaves lived intheir huts. These conditions of living made slaves lives very difficult andcaring for children almost impossible. Let us now see how slave owners saw theslaves conditions of living. Here is what a slaveholder tells in one of hisletter. The condition of the slaves of the United States is far in advanceof that of any similar number of laborers following similar occupations, in anyother land under the sun(Williams 32). Obviously, from what we have heardfrom the slaves we can claim that this statement is not very accurate. Theslaves did not have very good houses as this person implies. But one thingpuzzled me when I read it. What makes the author of this letter be so confidentin his words? Where is his proof? It is very hard to believe that practicallywith nowhere to live, nothing to wear or eat, the condition of the slaves was sogood as the person argues. Many slaves say that the food they ate at theplantations was extremely bad and insufficient. One of the former slavesremembers that they had only two meals a day. The first time they ate was attwelve oclock, which was the middle of their working day, and the second time late at night when the work for the day was done (Lester 64-65). Certainly,the slaves were hungry all the time. Considering how much they had to work,there is no wonder why many of them had faints caused by their hunger. Accordingto a slave the meal its elf usually consisted of cornmeal and salt herrings,to which was added in summer a little buttermilk and the few vegetableswhich each might raise for himself and his family on the little piece ofground(Lester 64). A former slave remembers that the very typical thingfor a plantation was that children younger than eight years old did not receiveany food at all. They could eat only what their parents left over from theirmeals (Feldstein 44). Certainly, many female slaves did not eat already veryscanty food to feed their children. The same person remembers that returninghome late at night women mixed cornmeal with a little water, and backed it onthe fire (Feldstein 43). That was the only time when children could eat duringthe day. With so scarce food as the slaves had, it was almost impossible tosurvive. Charles Ball, a former slave, wrote that there were a lot ofraids on the smokehouse (Feldstein 43). That was the only way slavescould get some extra food to feed themselves and their ch ildren. However,Charles Ball added that if a slave were caught stealing, his punishmentwould be severe(Feldstein 43). A former slave remembers that he used tosteal some food from his master to survive. He says that if a turkey was stolenby the slaves, they tried to implicate an imaginary fox. When they stolepotatoes, they tried to implicate the hogs (Feldstein 45). As we can see theconditions of the slaves were inhuman. They had to have a lot of endurance tosurvive in their situation. The slave owners viewing of how they fed theirslaves differs form all the descriptions made above by the slaves themselves. Hiv Aids Essay ConclusionThe writing by Colonel Bingham, whom we have already seen, reveals a differentperception of the relations between slaves and their masters. He denies a badtreatment of the slaves by their masters at all. He says that in thehistory of the whole world there never were as kindly relations existing betweentwo races on the same soil as between the slave owner and the slave in the Southbefore the Civil War(Bingham 248). As a proof of his words he says that healways loved black people. He gives an example of how much he loved a blackwoman who helped his parents to raise him. He says that he loved her nextto parents(Bingham 248). But how about other black people whom heexploited and punished pretty regularly? Did he love them, also? Definitely itis very week argument, but it reveals slave owners seeing of the relationshipbetween a slave and his master. We can see how distorted it was. We have seenwritings and memories of both former slaves and slave owners. We fou nd out thatthe slaves and slaveholders saw the slavery in absolutely different ways. Ipersonally believe the slaves accounts that described every detail inconstructing the reality of slavery. The slaveholders, however, talked ingeneral without a single example from their experiences as slave owners. Also,very often, it is hard to believe what they say in their essays. But why thesepeople could be so evil? I think the best answer for the question can be foundin Inside View Of Slavery by C. G. Parsons who was a visitor from the North atthe time of slavery. He wrote that the system of slavery influences theslaveholder, and its tendency to harden the heart, to dry up all thefountains of human sympathy, to make one callous to the wrongs and the woes ofthese around him, is stamped upon the very surface of society throughout theSouth(Parsons 203). Probably that is the answer to the question why the slaveowners point of view is so different from the slaves. Probably, it is truethat the syst em of slavery affected them in such a way that they were not ableto comprehend the reality of their evil. After writing this paper I realizedthat I did not really know that much about the history of the living conditionsof slaves. I certainly knew many historical facts about slavery, but I did notknow much about the conditions of the slaves, their food, dwellings, etc. Theexperience of writing this paper was quite useful for me in understanding thesalves life and in trying to understand different points of views on slavery. It was very interesting to think why salves and slave owners writings areso different. As a whole, thinking about the topic itself gave me an opportunityto study the very interesting period in our history. I am glad that I wrote thispaper and I am satisfied with my paper as a result of my research. Works CitedAlbers, Harry S., ed. Testimony Of The Canadian Fugitives. http://history.cc.ukans.edu/carrie/docs/usdocs.txt/canadian_slaves.html (24 Nov. 1996). Bingham, Colonel R. An Ex-slaveholders ViewOf The Negro Question In The South. Asheville: European Edition Of HarpersMonthly Magazine, 1900. 243-256. Blanchard Rev. J. and N. L. Rice. A Debate OnSlavery: Held In The City Of Cincinnati, Of October, 1845. Detroit: NegroHistory Press, 1846. 34-60. Feldstein, Stanley. Once A Slave. New York: WilliamMorrow and Company, Inc., 1971. 39-87. Lester, Julius. To Be A Slave. New York:Scholastic Inc., 1968. 28-76. Moulton, Horace. American Slavery As It Is:Testimony Of A Thousand Witnesses. New Yo rk: Arno Press and The New York Times,1968. 17-45. Parsons, C. G. Inside View Of Slavery: Or A Tour Among ThePlanters. Boston: John P. Jewett And Company, 1855. 203-231. Williams, James. Letters On Slavery From The Old World. New York: Negro Universities Press, 1969. 30-43. BibliographyAlbers, Harry S., ed. Testimony Of The Canadian Fugitives. http://history.cc.ukans.edu/carrie/docs/usdocs.txt/canadian_slaves.html (24 Nov. 1996). Bingham, Colonel R. An Ex-slaveholders ViewOf The Negro Question In The South. Asheville: European Edition Of HarpersMonthly Magazine, 1900. 243-256. Blanchard Rev. J. and N. L. Rice. A Debate OnSlavery: Held In The City Of Cincinnati, Of October, 1845. Detroit: NegroHistory Press, 1846. 34-60. Feldstein, Stanley. Once A Slave. New York: WilliamMorrow and Company, Inc., 1971. 39-87. Lester, Julius. To Be A Slave. New York:Scholastic Inc., 1968. 28-76. Moulton, Horace. American Slavery As It Is:Testimony Of A Thousand Witnesses. New York: Arno Press and The New York Times,1968. 17-45. Parsons, C. G. Inside View Of Slavery: Or A Tour Among ThePlanters. Boston: John P. Jewett And Company, 1855. 203-231. Williams, James. Letters On Slavery From The Old World. New York: Negro Universities Press, 1969. 30-43